Paths

The HTML5 <canvas> element allows you to draw complex shapes using paths.

Paths are sequences of points connected by lines or curves, which can be filled or outlined.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to:

1. Create and use paths.
2. Draw shapes with paths.
3. Use curves and arcs.
4. Combine and style paths.

1. Basics of Canvas Paths

To work with paths:

1. Start a path: Use beginPath().
2. Define the path: Use methods like moveTo, lineTo, and arc.
3. Close the path (optional): Use closePath() to connect the last point to the starting point.
4. Render the path:
   • Use stroke() to draw the outline.
   • Use fill() to fill the shape.

2. Drawing Basic Paths

Example 1: Creating a Triangle

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="500" height="300" style="border: 1px solid black;"></canvas>
<script>
    const canvas = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
    const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");

    ctx.beginPath();
    ctx.moveTo(100, 50); // Starting point
    ctx.lineTo(200, 200); // Draw line to (200, 200)
    ctx.lineTo(50, 200); // Draw line to (50, 200)
    ctx.closePath(); // Close the path (connects back to start)

    ctx.strokeStyle = "blue"; // Outline color
    ctx.stroke(); // Render the outline

    ctx.fillStyle = "lightblue"; // Fill color
    ctx.fill(); // Fill the shape
</script>

Explanation:

• moveTo(x, y): Moves the starting point of the path.
• lineTo(x, y): Draws a straight line to a point.
• closePath(): Closes the path by connecting the last point to the first.

3. Combining Multiple Paths

You can draw multiple paths within a single canvas.

Example 2: Drawing Overlapping Shapes

// First shape
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(50, 50);
ctx.lineTo(150, 50);
ctx.lineTo(100, 150);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = "red";
ctx.fill();

// Second shape
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(150, 50);
ctx.lineTo(250, 50);
ctx.lineTo(200, 150);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.fillStyle = "green";
ctx.fill();

4. Drawing Curves and Arcs

Paths can include curves and arcs for smoother and more complex shapes.

Example 3: Drawing Arcs

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(150, 150, 50, 0, Math.PI * 2); // Full circle
ctx.strokeStyle = "purple";
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.stroke();

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(300, 150, 50, 0, Math.PI); // Half circle
ctx.strokeStyle = "orange";
ctx.stroke();

Explanation:

• arc(x, y, radius, startAngle, endAngle): Draws a circular or elliptical arc.

Example 4: Drawing a Quadratic Curve

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(50, 200); // Starting point
ctx.quadraticCurveTo(150, 50, 250, 200); // Control point and end point
ctx.strokeStyle = "blue";
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.stroke();

Explanation:

• quadraticCurveTo(cpX, cpY, x, y): Draws a quadratic Bezier curve with a control point.

Example 5: Drawing a Cubic Bezier Curve

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(50, 250);
ctx.bezierCurveTo(150, 50, 250, 400, 350, 250); // Two control points and end point
ctx.strokeStyle = "green";
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.stroke();

Explanation:

• bezierCurveTo(cp1X, cp1Y, cp2X, cp2Y, x, y): Draws a cubic Bezier curve with two control points.

5. Styling Paths

You can customize paths with styles, including:

• Line width: lineWidth
• Line color: strokeStyle
• Fill color: fillStyle
• Line joins and caps: lineJoin, lineCap

Example 6: Customizing Path Styles

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(50, 100);
ctx.lineTo(200, 50);
ctx.lineTo(350, 100);
ctx.lineJoin = "round"; // Options: bevel, round, miter
ctx.strokeStyle = "black";
ctx.lineWidth = 5;
ctx.stroke();

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(50, 150);
ctx.lineTo(200, 200);
ctx.lineTo(350, 150);
ctx.lineCap = "round"; // Options: butt, round, square
ctx.strokeStyle = "blue";
ctx.lineWidth = 10;
ctx.stroke();

6. Creating Complex Shapes

You can combine lines, arcs, and curves to create intricate designs.

Example 7: Drawing a Star

ctx.beginPath();
const centerX = 250;
const centerY = 150;
const spikes = 5;
const outerRadius = 100;
const innerRadius = 50;

for (let i = 0; i < spikes * 2; i++) {
    const radius = i % 2 === 0 ? outerRadius : innerRadius;
    const angle = (i * Math.PI) / spikes;
    const x = centerX + Math.cos(angle) * radius;
    const y = centerY + Math.sin(angle) * radius;

    if (i === 0) {
        ctx.moveTo(x, y);
    } else {
        ctx.lineTo(x, y);
    }
}
ctx.closePath();
ctx.strokeStyle = "gold";
ctx.fillStyle = "yellow";
ctx.lineWidth = 3;
ctx.fill();
ctx.stroke();

7. Animating Paths

Example 8: Growing Path Animation

let progress = 0;

function animatePath() {
    ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

    ctx.beginPath();
    ctx.moveTo(50, 150);
    ctx.lineTo(50 + progress, 150);
    ctx.strokeStyle = "blue";
    ctx.lineWidth = 2;
    ctx.stroke();

    if (progress < 400) {
        progress += 2; // Increment progress
        requestAnimationFrame(animatePath);
    }
}

animatePath();

8. Practical Example: Flower Design

Example 9: Flower with Arcs

const petals = 6;
const centerX = 250;
const centerY = 150;
const radius = 100;

for (let i = 0; i < petals; i++) {
    const angle = (i * 2 * Math.PI) / petals;

    ctx.beginPath();
    ctx.arc(centerX + Math.cos(angle) * radius, centerY + Math.sin(angle) * radius, 50, 0, Math.PI * 2);
    ctx.fillStyle = i % 2 === 0 ? "pink" : "yellow";
    ctx.fill();
}

9. Best Practices for Paths

1. Use beginPath:
   • Always start a new path with beginPath() to avoid unwanted connections.
2. Close Paths:
   • Use closePath() to create closed shapes easily.
3. Optimize Complex Shapes:
   • Combine lines, arcs, and curves for intricate designs.
4. Save and Restore Context:
   • Use save() and restore() to avoid overriding styles.

10. Browser Support

Paths are fully supported in all modern browsers:

11. Conclusion

In this tutorial, you learned:

1. How to create and customize paths with lineTo, arc, and curves.
2. How to style paths using colors, widths, and joins.
3. Practical applications like stars, animations, and flowers.